Table 1 Overview of currently available in vivo models matched with the six specific OA phenotypes
Pathophenotype | Species | Short description |
|---|---|---|
Ageing/senescence | Guinea pig [65] Rabbit [66] Dog [67] Pig [70] Cow [71] | Naturally occurring/spontaneous [62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72] |
Inflammation/immune | - n.a. or unclear causalities for primary OA | - n.a. or unclear causalities for primary OA |
Post-traumatic/acute impact event | Rat [79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88] Guinea pig [89] Cow [114] Cat [115] Non-human primates [116] | Anterior cruciate ligament transection [89, 100] Partial/total medial meniscectomy [73, 87, 88, 93, 101, 116,117,118,119] Articular groove model/partial or full-thickness cartilage defect [75, 86, 105, 120] Intra-articular tibial plateau fracture [31, 77] Rupture via tibial compression overload [78] Medial meniscal destabilisation [81, 118] Medial meniscal tear [82,83,84, 92] Meniscal release [121] Partial and full-thickness osteochondral defect [104] Metacarpophalangeal ligament transection [122] or carpal fractures [123] Traumatic impact on the medial femoral condyle [124] Osteochondral defects and exercise [125] Partial meniscectomy and exercise [108] Cranial cruciate ligament transection [126] |
Chronic mechanical overload/cumulative contact stress Lifestyle obesity Obesity-PT-OA progression | Dog [129] Pig [132] Non-human primates [133] | Cyclic articular cartilage tibial compression [40, 78] Monoiodoacetate [132]Collagenase [44, 136] Papain [46] Calcium pyrophosphatase crystals [137] Disuse/immobilisation of the Metacarpophalangeal joint followed by reuse and exercise [130, 131] |
Endocrine/hormonal/metabolic syndrome | Mouse [138] Rat [139] Guinea pig [140] Rabbit [141] Sheep [142] Non-human primates [143] | |
Genetic | Zebrafish [145] | Collagen type 1 defect [144] Col2a1 deletion [146] Col9a1 knockout [147] Col10a1 knockout [145] |